Research Library

In-depth overviews of synthetic peptide reference compounds. Each page summarizes the published preclinical literature, structural chemistry, mechanism studies, and stability data for the compound. Provided as an educational resource for qualified research professionals.

• Last reviewed 2026-02-06

  5-Amino-1MQ: NNMT Inhibitor Research Overview

  5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium (5-Amino-1MQ) is a synthetic small molecule research compound that inhibits the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). NNMT methylates nicotinamide, removing it from the NAD+ salvage pathway. Inhibiting NNMT preserves nicotinamide for NAD+ synthesis, making 5-Amino-1MQ a research tool for studies of NAD+ metabolism. This page summarizes the published preclinical literature.

• Last reviewed 2026-04-19

  AOD-9604: Growth Hormone C-Terminal Fragment Research Overview

  AOD-9604 (Anti-Obesity Drug 9604) is a synthetic peptide representing residues 177-191 of growth hormone's C-terminal region, with a tyrosine modification to enhance stability. The compound was designed to capture the lipolytic signaling of full-length growth hormone in a smaller peptide. This page summarizes the published preclinical research.

• Last reviewed 2026-03-08

  ARA-290 (Cibinetide): EPO-Derived Tissue Protection Peptide Research Overview

  ARA-290, also known as Cibinetide or helix-B surface peptide (HBSP), is a synthetic 11-amino acid peptide derived from the surface of erythropoietin's helix B. The compound was designed to dissociate erythropoietin's tissue-protective signaling from its hematopoietic activity, providing a research tool for studying tissue-protective receptor pathways independently. This page summarizes the published preclinical research.

• Last reviewed 2025-07-15

  BPC-157: Synthetic Pentadecapeptide Research Overview

  BPC-157 is a synthetic 15 amino acid peptide originally derived from a protective protein identified in gastric tissue. It has been studied across multiple preclinical research models examining cellular signaling, tissue integrity, and vascular pathway dynamics. This page summarizes the published research landscape for the compound, for laboratory and educational reference only.

• Last reviewed 2025-11-14

  Cagrilintide: Long-Acting Amylin Analog Research Overview

  Cagrilintide is a synthetic peptide research compound engineered as a long-acting analog of the natural pancreatic hormone amylin. It is studied in preclinical research on the amylin/calcitonin receptor family and satiety signaling pathways. This page summarizes the published research on Cagrilintide's chemistry, receptor pharmacology, and laboratory applications.

• Last reviewed 2025-09-15

  CJC-1295 No DAC: Modified GHRH Analog Research Overview

  CJC-1295 No DAC is a synthetic peptide based on the active 1-29 amino acid sequence of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), engineered with four amino acid substitutions to enhance enzymatic stability. The 'No DAC' designation distinguishes this variant from CJC-1295 with DAC, which includes an additional drug affinity complex linker for extended half-life. This page summarizes the published preclinical research on CJC-1295 No DAC's structure and laboratory applications.

• Last reviewed 2025-12-15

  DSIP: Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide Research Overview

  DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) is a 9-amino acid neuropeptide that was originally isolated in 1977 from the cerebral venous blood of rabbits during periods of EEG delta-wave activity. The compound has been studied across decades of research as a tool for examining sleep-related neuropeptide signaling and broader neuromodulatory functions. This page summarizes the published preclinical research.

• Last reviewed 2026-03-20

  Epithalon: Pineal Tetrapeptide Research Overview

  Epithalon (also written Epitalon) is a synthetic tetrapeptide consisting of just four amino acids: Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly. Despite its small size, the compound has been studied across multiple decades of Russian research in models of cellular aging, telomerase activity, and pineal gland-related signaling. This page summarizes the published literature.

• Last reviewed 2026-05-13

  GHK-Cu: Copper Tripeptide Complex Research Overview

  GHK-Cu (Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine copper complex) is one of the most extensively studied copper-binding peptides in preclinical research. The compound consists of three amino acids that together chelate a copper(II) ion. This page summarizes the published research on GHK-Cu's chemistry, mechanism studies, the laboratory models in which it has been characterized, and the analytical methods used to verify its identity and activity.

• Last reviewed 2025-10-21

  GLP-1 SM: GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Research Overview

  GLP-1 SM is a synthetic peptide research compound in the GLP-1 receptor agonist class. The compound is used in preclinical studies of incretin signaling, pancreatic beta cell function, and central appetite-regulating pathways. This page summarizes the published research literature on GLP-1 receptor agonist pharmacology and the laboratory models used.

• Last reviewed 2025-11-02

  GLP-2 TRZ: Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist Research Overview

  GLP-2 TRZ is a synthetic peptide designed to simultaneously activate two incretin receptor systems: GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). The compound belongs to the dual-agonist research class, conceptually positioned between single-receptor incretin agonists and tri-agonists like GLP-3 RT. This page summarizes the published preclinical research on dual incretin receptor pharmacology and the laboratory models used.

• Last reviewed 2026-05-13

  GLP-3 RT: Tri-Agonist Incretin Research Peptide Overview

  GLP-3 RT is a synthetic peptide engineered to simultaneously activate three metabolic receptor systems: GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1), GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide), and the glucagon receptor. This page summarizes the published preclinical research surrounding tri-agonist incretin peptide design, structural chemistry, receptor pharmacology, and the laboratory models used to characterize compounds in this class. For research and educational reference only.

• Last reviewed 2026-01-01

  Glutathione: Tripeptide Antioxidant Research Overview

  Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine joined by an unusual gamma-amide bond. It is the most abundant non-protein thiol in cells and serves as a central regulator of cellular redox state. This page summarizes the published research on glutathione's biochemistry, signaling roles, and laboratory applications.

• Last reviewed 2025-10-09

  IGF-1 LR3: Long R3 IGF-1 Analog Research Overview

  IGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-1) is a synthetic modified analog of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) with two structural changes: a 13-amino acid N-terminal extension and a substitution at position 3 (arginine replacing glutamate). These modifications reduce binding to IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), producing a research tool with altered pharmacokinetic and signaling behavior. This page summarizes the published preclinical literature.

• Last reviewed 2025-08-22

  Ipamorelin: Selective Growth Hormone Secretagogue Research Overview

  Ipamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide developed as a selective ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist for research applications. Unlike some growth hormone secretagogues that show off-target activity at other endocrine pathways, Ipamorelin demonstrates a comparatively narrow receptor profile in preclinical studies. This page summarizes the published research on its structural design, receptor selectivity, and laboratory characterization.

• Last reviewed 2026-02-25

  Kisspeptin-10: KISS1 Decapeptide Research Overview

  Kisspeptin-10 is the minimal active fragment of the KISS1 gene product. The compound is a key research tool in reproductive endocrinology, where it has been used to dissect the upstream regulation of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) neuron signaling. This page summarizes the published preclinical research.

• Last reviewed 2026-04-07

  KPV: Alpha-MSH C-Terminal Tripeptide Research Overview

  KPV is a tripeptide consisting of just three amino acids. Lysine, Proline, Valine, corresponding to the C-terminal three residues of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH 11-13). Despite its small size, KPV has been extensively studied in preclinical models of anti-inflammatory signaling. This page summarizes the published research.

• Last reviewed 2026-03-26

  LL-37: Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide Research Overview

  LL-37 is the only cathelicidin-class antimicrobial peptide in humans. It is a 37-amino acid amphipathic peptide derived from the C-terminal of the human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein hCAP18. The compound has been extensively studied in preclinical research on innate immune defense, microbial membrane disruption, and immunomodulatory signaling. This page summarizes the published literature.

• Last reviewed 2025-08-15

  Melanotan I: NDP-MSH Alpha-MSH Analog Research Overview

  Melanotan I, also designated NDP-MSH ([Nle⁴,D-Phe⁷]-α-MSH), is a synthetic linear analog of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). It was the first melanocortin analog developed for laboratory research with enhanced stability over native α-MSH. This page summarizes the published preclinical research.

• Last reviewed 2025-09-22

  Melanotan II: Cyclic Alpha-MSH Analog Research Overview

  Melanotan II (MT-II) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide analog of alpha-MSH. Unlike linear Melanotan I, Melanotan II has a smaller, conformationally constrained structure that enables broader receptor activity and central nervous system permeability. This page summarizes the published preclinical research.

• Last reviewed 2026-01-25

  Methylene Blue: Phenothiazine Redox Compound Research Overview

  Methylene Blue is a synthetic phenothiazine compound with a long history in chemistry and biology dating to 1876, when Heinrich Caro first synthesized it. The compound has unique redox properties that have made it valuable across multiple research contexts: as a histological stain, as a redox indicator, and as a probe of mitochondrial electron transport. This page summarizes the published research applications.

• Last reviewed 2025-11-26

  MOTS-c: Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide Research Overview

  MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading frame of the Twelve S rRNA-c) is a 16-amino acid peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene, making it one of a small class of known mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs). This page summarizes the published preclinical research on MOTS-c, its proposed mechanisms in metabolic signaling, and the laboratory models commonly used in MDP research.

• Last reviewed 2026-04-04

  NA-Selank: Tuftsin Analog Research Overview

  NA-Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide developed at the Russian Institute of Molecular Genetics as a stabilized analog of the endogenous tetrapeptide tuftsin. The compound is among the Russian peptide pharmacology research class and has been studied in preclinical neuropeptide signaling research. This page summarizes the published literature.

• Last reviewed 2026-04-22

  NA-Semax: ACTH(4-10) Heptapeptide Analog Research Overview

  NA-Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide based on the 4-10 fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), modified for enhanced stability. The compound was developed by the Russian neuropeptide research community as a research tool for examining nootropic and neuropeptide signaling pathways. This page summarizes the published preclinical literature.

• Last reviewed 2025-12-20

  NAD+: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Research Overview

  NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme present in all living cells, participating in hundreds of enzymatic reactions. It serves as an electron acceptor in oxidation-reduction reactions and as a substrate for several enzyme families including sirtuins and PARPs. This page summarizes the published preclinical research on NAD+ as a research reference compound.

• Last reviewed 2026-04-30

  PT-141: Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Research Overview

  PT-141 (also known as Bremelanotide) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide developed as a melanocortin receptor agonist. The compound has been studied across two related research lines: as a derivative of melanotan-class peptides exploring melanocortin receptor pharmacology, and as a research tool for central nervous system sexual response signaling pathways. This page summarizes the published preclinical research.

• Last reviewed 2025-09-03

  Sermorelin: GHRH(1-29) Fragment Research Overview

  Sermorelin is one of the foundational synthetic peptides in growth hormone research. It corresponds to the first 29 amino acids of human GHRH and was the earliest synthetic GHRH analog to enter widespread preclinical use. This page summarizes the published research on Sermorelin's chemistry, receptor pharmacology, and place in the broader landscape of GHRH analog research.

• Last reviewed 2026-03-02

  SLU-PP-332: ERR Agonist Research Compound Overview

  SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic small molecule research compound developed as a pan-agonist of the estrogen-related receptor family (ERRα, ERRβ, ERRγ). These nuclear receptors are key regulators of oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis, and SLU-PP-332 is a relatively recent addition to the research toolset for studying ERR-mediated signaling. This page summarizes the published preclinical research.

• Last reviewed 2025-10-30

  Snap-8: Acetyl Octapeptide-3 Research Overview

  Snap-8, also designated Acetyl Octapeptide-3 or Argireline derivative, is a synthetic 8-amino acid peptide designed to mimic a region of SNAP-25, a key component of the SNARE protein complex that mediates neurotransmitter vesicle fusion. The compound is widely studied in cosmetic chemistry research as a botulinum-mimetic agent. This page summarizes the published preclinical literature.

• Last reviewed 2026-01-13

  SS-31: Mitochondrial-Targeted Tetrapeptide Research Overview

  SS-31 (also known as Elamipretide, Bendavia, or MTP-131) is a synthetic tetrapeptide from the Szeto-Schiller class of mitochondrial-targeted peptides. Its defining property is selective accumulation in mitochondria via affinity for cardiolipin, a phospholipid found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This page summarizes the published preclinical research.

• Last reviewed 2025-07-29

  TB-500: Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment Research Overview

  TB-500 is a synthetic peptide that corresponds to an active region of the naturally occurring 43-amino acid protein Thymosin Beta-4. It has been used in preclinical research as a tool compound for studying actin-binding protein interactions, cell migration patterns, and cytoskeletal signaling. This page summarizes the published research landscape on TB-500 and the laboratory models in which it has been characterized. For research and educational reference only.

• Last reviewed 2025-09-27

  Tesamorelin: GHRH Analog Research Overview

  Tesamorelin is a synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), specifically engineered with an N-terminal modification that distinguishes it from the native peptide. This page summarizes the published research literature on Tesamorelin's structural design, receptor pharmacology, and the preclinical laboratory models used to characterize compounds in the GHRH-analog class.

• Last reviewed 2026-02-18

  Tesofensine: Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitor Research Overview

  Tesofensine is a synthetic small molecule research compound that inhibits the reuptake of three monoamine neurotransmitters: norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. Unlike the peptide compounds in much of this catalog, Tesofensine is a small molecule originally developed as a research tool for neurological disorder pharmacology, with later research interest in metabolic signaling effects. This page summarizes the published preclinical literature.

• Last reviewed 2026-03-14

  Thymosin Alpha-1: 28-Amino Acid Immunomodulator Research Overview

  Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a 28-amino acid acidic peptide originally identified in thymic tissue extracts. It has been studied for decades in immunology research, particularly in models of T-cell maturation and signaling, immune modulation, and more recently Toll-like receptor pathway interactions. This page summarizes the published preclinical literature.

• Last reviewed 2026-01-20

  VIP: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Research Overview

  Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide originally isolated from porcine duodenum by Said and Mutt in 1970. The compound is a member of the secretin/glucagon peptide superfamily and engages VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. This page summarizes the published preclinical research on VIP's pharmacology and laboratory applications.